Literal¶

This section describes how to write a literal value in CUBRID.

Number¶

There are two ways of writing a number; how to write an exact value and how to write an approximate value.

An exact number is written as a serial numbers and a dot (.); this input literal is translated as an INT, BIGINT or NUMERIC typed value based on its range.
```
10, 123456789012, 1234234324234.23
```
An approximate number is written as a serial numbers, a dot (.) and E (scientific notation, multiples of 10); this input literal is translated as a DOUBLE typed value.
```
1.2345E15, 12345E5
```
- or - symbol can be written in front of a number, and this can be written between E which indicates multiples of 10 and a number.
```
+10.2345, -1.2345E-15
```

Date/Time¶

For representing data and time, there are DATE, TIME, DATETIME and TIMESTAMP types; these values can be represented as adding date, time, datetime and timestamp literals (case-insensitive) in front of their strings.

If you use date/time literals, you don’t need to use converting functions such as TO_DATE(), TO_TIME(), TO_DATETIME() and TO_TIMESTAMP(). However, the writing order of a string which indicates date or time.

The date literal only allows ‘YYYY-MM-DD’ or ‘MM/DD/YYYY’.
```
date'1974-12-31', date'12-31-1974'
```
The time literal only allows ‘HH:MI:SS’, ‘HH:MI:SS AM’ or ‘HH:MI:SS PM’.
```
time'12:13:25', time'12:13:25 AM', time'12:13:25 PM'
```
The date/time literal used in DATETIME type allows ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS[.msec AM|PM]’ or ‘MM/DD/YYYY HH:MI:SS[.msec AM|PM]’. msec means milliseconds, which can be written until 3 digits.
```
datetime'1974-12-31 12:13:25.123 AM', datetime'12/31/1974 12:13:25.123 AM'
```
The date/time literal used in TIMESTAMP type allows ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS[ AM|PM]’ or ‘MM/DD/YYYY HH:MI:SS[ AM|PM]’.
```
timestamp'1974-12-31 12:13:25 AM', timestamp'12/31/1974 12:13:25 AM'
```
The literal of date/time with timezone type has the same format as the above, and add an offset or a region name which indicates a timezone information.
- Add datetimetz, datetimeltz, timestamptz or timestampltz literal at the front of a string to represent each type’s value.
```
datetimetz'10/15/1986 5:45:15.135 am +02:30:20';
datetimetz'10/15/1986 5:45:15.135 am +02:30';
datetimetz'10/15/1986 5:45:15.135 am +02';
datetimeltz'10/15/1986 5:45:15.135 am Europe/Bucharest'
datetimetz'2001-10-11 02:03:04 AM Europe/Bucharest EEST';
timestampltz'10/15/1986 5:45:15 am Europe/Bucharest'
timestamptz'10/15/1986 5:45:15 am Europe/Bucharest'
```
- The literal at the front of a string can be replaced with “<date/time type> WITH TIMEZONE” or <date/time type> WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE.
  
  ::
  DATETIME WITH TIMEZONE = datetimetz DATETIME WITH LOCAL TIMEZONE = datetimeltz TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE = timestamptz TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIMEZONE = timestampltz
```
DATETIME WITH TIME ZONE'10/15/1986 5:45:15.135 am +02';
DATETIME WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE'10/15/1986 5:45:15.135 am +02';
```
Note
- <date/time type> WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE: internally stores UTC time; it is converted as a local (current session) timezone when it is output.
- <date/time type> WITH TIME ZONE: internally stores UTC time and timezone information (decided by a user or a session timezone) when this value is created.

Bit String¶

Bit string uses two formats of binary format and hexadecimal format.

Binary format is written as adding B or 0b in front of a number; the input value is a string with 0 and 1 after B, and a number with 0 and 1 after 0b.

B'10100000'
0b10100000

Binary number is written by 8 digits; if the input digits are not divided into 8, this value is saved as 0s are attached. For example, B’1’ is saved as B’10000000’.

Hexadecimal format is written as adding X or 0x in front of a number; the input value is a string with hexadecimal after X, and a number with hexadecimal after 0x.

X'a0'
0xA0

Hexadecimal number is written by 2 digits; if the input digits are not divided into 2, this value is saved as 0s are attached. For example, X’a’ is saved as X’a0’.

Character String¶

Character string is written as wrapped in single quotes.

If you want to include a single quote in a string, input it twice serially.
```
SELECT 'You''re welcome.';
```
An escape using a backslash can be used if you set no_backslash_escapes in cubrid.conf as no. But this default value is yes.

For details, see Escape Special Characters.
Charset introducer can be located in front of a string, and COLLATE modifier can be located after a string.

For details, see Charset Introducer.

Collection¶

In collection types, there are SET, MULTISET and LIST; their values are written as elements are wrapped in braces ({, }).

{'c','c','c','b','b','a'}

For details, see Collection Types.

NULL¶

NULL value means there is no data. NULL is case-insensitive, so it also can be written as null. Please note that NULL value is not 0 in a number type or an empty string (‘’) in a string type.