MERGE

The MERGE statement is used to select rows from a source and to update or to insert the rows onto one table or view. You can specify the condition whether to update or to insert the rows onto the target table or view. The MERGE statement is a deterministic statement, so you cannot update the same rows on the target table several times within one sentence.

MERGE [<merge_hint>] INTO <target> [[AS] <alias>]
USING <source> [[AS] <alias>]
ON <join_condition>
[ <merge_update_clause> ]
[ <merge_insert_clause> ]

<merge_update_clause> ::=
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE
SET <col = expr> [,<col = expr>,...] [WHERE <update_condition>]
[DELETE WHERE <delete_condition>]

<merge_insert_clause> ::=
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT [(<attributes_list>)] VALUES (<expr_list>) [WHERE <insert_condition>]

<merge_hint> ::=
/*+ [ USE_UPDATE_IDX (<update_index_list>) ] [ USE_INSERT_IDX (<insert_index_list>) ] */

  • <target>: Target table to be updated or inserted. Several tables or views are available.

  • <source>: Source table to get the data. A single table or a single view is available and a sub-query is available, too.

  • <join_condition>: Specifies the updated conditions

  • <merge_update_clause>: If <join_condition> is TRUE, the new column value of a target table will be specified.

    • When the UPDATE clause is executed, all UPDATE triggers defined in <target> are enabled.

    • <col>: The column to be updated should be the column of the target table.

    • <expr>: Allows the expression including columns of <source> and <target>. Or it can be the DEFAULT keyword. <expr> cannot include the aggregate functions.

    • <update_condition>: Performs the UPDATE operation only when a specific condition is TRUE. For the condition, both of the source tables and the target tables can be referenced. The rows which do not satisfy the condition are not updated.

    • <delete_condition>: Specifies a target to be deleted after update. At this time, the DELETE condition is executed with the updated result value. When DELETE statement is executed, the DELETE trigger defined in <target> will be enabled.

    • The column referred by the ON condition clause cannot be updated.

    • When you update view, you cannot specify DEFAULT.

  • <merge_insert_clause>: If the <join_condition> condition is FALSE, the column value of the target table will be inserted.

    • When the INSERT clause is executed, all INSERT triggers defined in the target table are enabled.

    • <insert_condition>: Performs the INSERT operation only when the specified condition is TRUE. <Columns of <source> can be included in the condition.

    • <attribute_list>: Columns to be inserted in <target>.

    • <expr_list>: Integer filter condition can be used to insert all source rows to the target table. ON (0=1) is an example of integer filter condition.

    • This clause can be specified as it is or as <merge_update_clause>. If both of two are defined, the order does not matter.

  • <merge_hint>: Index hint of MERGE statement

    • USE_UPDATE_IDX (<update_index_list>): Index hint used in UPDATE clause of MERGE statement. Index names are listed on the update_index_list when UPDATE clause is run. This hint is applied to <join_condition> and <update_condition>.

    • USE_INSERT_IDX (<insert_index_list>): Index hint used in INSERT clause of MERGE statement. Index names are listed on the insert_index_list when INSERT clause is run. This hint is applied to <join_condition>.

To execute the MERGE statement, the SELECT authorization for the source table should be granted. When the UPDATE clause is included in the target table, the UPDATE authorization should be granted. When the DELETE clause is included in the target table, the DELETE should be granted. When the INSERT clause is included in the target table, the INSERT should be granted.

The following example shows how to merge the value of source_table to target_table.

-- source_table
CREATE TABLE source_table (a INT, b INT, c INT);
INSERT INTO source_table VALUES (1, 1, 1);
INSERT INTO source_table VALUES (1, 3, 2);
INSERT INTO source_table VALUES (2, 4, 5);
INSERT INTO source_table VALUES (3, 1, 3);

-- target_table
CREATE TABLE target_table (a INT, b INT, c INT);
INSERT INTO target_table VALUES (1, 1, 4);
INSERT INTO target_table VALUES (1, 2, 5);
INSERT INTO target_table VALUES (1, 3, 2);
INSERT INTO target_table VALUES (3, 1, 6);
INSERT INTO target_table VALUES (5, 5, 2);

MERGE INTO target_table tt USING source_table st
ON (st.a=tt.a AND st.b=tt.b)
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET tt.c=st.c
     DELETE WHERE tt.c = 1
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (st.a, st.b, st.c);

-- the result of above query
SELECT * FROM target_table;

            a            b            c
=======================================
            1            2            5
            1            3            2
            3            1            3
            5            5            2
            2            4            5

In the above example, when column A and B of source_table are identical with the values of column A and B in target_table, column C of target_table is updated with the column C of source_table. Otherwise, the records in source_table are inserted to target_table. However, if the value of column C in target_table is 1 in the updated record, the record is deleted.

The following example shows how to use the MERGE statement to arrange the records of bonus score table to give to students.

CREATE TABLE bonus (std_id INT, addscore INT);
CREATE INDEX i_bonus_std_id ON bonus (std_id);

INSERT INTO bonus VALUES (1,10);
INSERT INTO bonus VALUES (2,10);
INSERT INTO bonus VALUES (3,10);
INSERT INTO bonus VALUES (4,10);
INSERT INTO bonus VALUES (5,10);
INSERT INTO bonus VALUES (6,10);
INSERT INTO bonus VALUES (7,10);
INSERT INTO bonus VALUES (8,10);
INSERT INTO bonus VALUES (9,10);
INSERT INTO bonus VALUES (10,10);

CREATE TABLE std (std_id INT, score INT);
CREATE INDEX i_std_std_id  ON std (std_id);
CREATE INDEX i_std_std_id_score ON std (std_id, score);

INSERT INTO std VALUES (1,60);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (2,70);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (3,80);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (4,35);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (5,55);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (6,30);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (7,65);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (8,65);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (9,70);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (10,22);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (11,67);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (12,20);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (13,45);
INSERT INTO std VALUES (14,30);

MERGE INTO bonus t USING (SELECT * FROM std WHERE score < 40) s
ON t.std_id = s.std_id
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET t.addscore = t.addscore + s.score * 0.1
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (t.std_id, t.addscore) VALUES (s.std_id, 10 + s.score * 0.1) WHERE s.score <= 30;

SELECT * FROM bonus ORDER BY 1;

std_id     addscore
==========================
    1           10
    2           10
    3           10
    4           14
    5           10
    6           13
    7           10
    8           10
    9           10
   10           12
   12           12
   14           13

In the above example, the source table is a set of std table records, where the score is less than 40 and the target table is bonus. The student numbers (std_id) where the score (std.score) is less than 40 are 4, 6, 10, 12, and 14. Among them, for 4, 6, and 10 on the bonus table, the UPDATE clause adds 10% of the score of their own to the existing bonus. For 12 and 14 which are not on the bonus table, the INSERT clause adds 10 scores and 10% of the score of their own.

The following shows how to use index hints in MERGE statement.

CREATE TABLE target (i INT, j INT);
CREATE TABLE source (i INT, j INT);

INSERT INTO target VALUES (1,1),(2,2),(3,3);
INSERT INTO source VALUES (1,11),(2,22),(4,44),(5,55),(7,77),(8,88);

CREATE INDEX i_t_i ON target(i);
CREATE INDEX i_t_ij ON target(i,j);
CREATE INDEX i_s_i ON source(i);
CREATE INDEX i_s_ij ON source(i,j);

MERGE /*+ RECOMPILE USE_UPDATE_IDX(i_s_ij) USE_INSERT_IDX(i_t_ij, i_t_i) */
INTO target t USING source s ON t.i=s.i
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET t.j=s.j WHERE s.i <> 1
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (i,j);